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Is his
GIP fighting T2D
as hard as he is?

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Your patients may have impaired glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) function, which may contribute to why their efforts come up short1-3

See if there is any gap in your knowledge. Explore below to learn more about GIP:

GIP and Glycemic Impact

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GIP plays a role in blood glucose regulation1

GIP and Adipose Tissue

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Research indicates that GIP may play a bigger role in blood glucose and weight regulation than previously thought1,2,4-10

Long-term complications of elevated blood glucose and weight

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Hyperglycemia and excess weight influence the development and progression of T2D11-13

How well do you know GIP?

GIP=glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; T2D=type 2 diabetes.

References

  1. Finan B, Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Perez-Tilve D, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Reappraisal of GIP pharmacology for metabolic diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2016;22(5):359-376. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2016.03.005
  2. Gasbjerg LS, Bergmann NC, Stensen S, et al. Evaluation of the incretin effect in humans using GIP and GLP-1 receptor antagonists. Peptides. 2020;125:170183. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170183
  3. Christensen MB, Gasbjerg LS, Heimbürger SM, Stensen S, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. GIP's involvement in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Peptides. 2020;125:170178. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170178
  4. Mroz PA, Finan B, Gelfanov V, et al. Optimized GIP analogs promote body weight lowering in mice through GIPR agonism not antagonism. Mol Metab. 2019;20:51-62. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.12.001
  5. Saxena R, Hivert MF, Langenberg C, et al. Genetic variation in GIPR influences the glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge. Nat Genet. 2010;42(2):142-148. doi:10.1038/ng.521
  6. Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, et al. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet. 2010;42(11):937-948. doi:10.1038/ng.686
  7. Kim SJ, Nian C, Karunakaran S, Clee SM, Isales CM, McIntosh CH. GIP-overexpressing mice demonstrate reduced diet-induced obesity and steatosis, and improved glucose homeostasis. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40156. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.004015
  8. Zhang Q, Delessa CT, Augustin R, et al. The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) regulates body weight and food intake via CNS-GIPR signaling. Cell Metab. 2021;33(4):833-844.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.015
  9. Adriaenssens AE, Biggs EK, Darwish T, et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor-expressing cells in the hypothalamus regulate food intake. Cell Metab. 2019;30(5):987-996.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.013
  10. NamKoong C, Kim MS, Jang BT, Lee YH, Cho YM, Choi HJ. Central administration of GLP-1 and GIP decreases feeding in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;490(2):247-252. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.0316
  11. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-853. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6
  12. Laiteerapong N, Ham SA, Gao Y, et al. The legacy effect in type 2 diabetes: impact of early glycemic control on future complications (The Diabetes & Aging Study). Diabetes Care. 2019;42(3):416-426. doi:10.2337/dc17-1144 13.
  13. Lean ME, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10120):541-551. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1